IMasks Versus Rescoritors: Umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwama-N95s kanye ne-Shongxing

Emhlabeni wezinto zokwelashwa, amagama afana ne- "Face Mask" kanye ne- "Respirator" ajwayele ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana engxoxweni esejwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ngochwepheshe wokuthengwa kwempahla njengoMark Thompson, umphathi wezempilo, noma umphathi wesibhedlela, umehluko akuyona nje i-semantic - yinto ebucayi ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha, ukuhambisana nokuvikelwa okusebenzayo. Njengomenzi wokulahla kwezokwelapha okulahlwayo ngemigqa eyisikhombisa yokukhiqiza eChina, mina, u-Allen, ngizibonele mathupha ukudideka nemiphumela yokukhetha umkhiqizo ongalungile. Le ndatshana izodiliza umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalawa madivayisi, echaza ukuthi kungani a umdlaluvuzi akuyona into isakaza, kanye okuphambene nalokho. Ukuqonda lokhu kwehlukaniswa kubalulekile ekutholeni imishini efanelekile, ukuvikela abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye neziguli, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yakho ilungiselelwe noma yisiphi isimo.

Uyini umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwesimo sokuphefumula kanye namaskandi okuhlinza?

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe umdlaluvuzi kanye a isakaza amanga enjongweni yabo eyinhloko. Kungumqondo olula kodwa obalulekile: Oyedwa wenzelwe ukuvikela wena, kanti omunye yakhelwe ukuvikela abantu kanye nemvelo eduze kwakho. A umdlaluvuzi, njenge I-n95 respirator, ucezu lwe imishini yokuzivikela (i-PPE) kubhekwe ngokuqondile Vikela ogqokile kusuka kokuphefumula okuyingozi izinhlayiya zomoya. Cabanga ngakho njengesihlangu sendlela eyodwa yamaphaphu akho. Umsebenzi wayo ukuthi vova I-AIR You donsa. Yingakho kufanelekile Ukusetshenziswa kwama-respirators iyitshe legumbi le ukuphepha emsebenzini ezindaweni ezinezingozi ezinomoya.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a isakaza yenzelwe ikakhulukazi ukulawulwa komthombo. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvimba amaconsi amakhulu wezinhlayiyana namaphethelo axoshwe lapho umonile Izinkulumo, ukukhwehlela, noma ukufumeka. Isebenza njengesithiyo ukuvikela ogqokile ukuphefumula ukuphefumula kusuka kungcolisa isiguli noma insimu eyinyumba. Ngenkathi a imaski yokuhlinzwa mayihle nikeza umonile Ukuvikelwa okuthile kusuka kuma-splashes, akuwona umsebenzi wayo ophambili. Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo umehluko phakathi kwamaski uthuli, isembozo sendwangu esilula, kanye nebanga lezokwelapha leqiniso ama-respirators kanye namaski okuhlinza. Ukuqonda lo mehluko isinyathelo sokuqala ngokwenza izinqumo zokuthenga ezinolwazi kunoma yikuphi Ukulungiswa Kwezempilo.

Ngabe i-N95 Respirator yenzelwe kanjani isivikelo sokuphefumula?

Le khasi I-n95 respirator Ingabe isimanga sesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, eklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukunikeza okuphakeme Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula. Ukuqokwa kwe- "N95" kuyisitifiketi kusuka UNiosh, futhi kukutshela izinto ezimbili: "n" kusho ukuthi akumelanga izinhlayiya ezisuselwa kuwoyela, futhi "95" kusho ukuthi ihlolwe vova okungenani izinhlayiya eziyi-95 ze-micron ezincane kakhulu (0.3 micron). Ngenkathi sivame ukucabanga ngamagciwane namagciwane, lokhu kufaka phakathi uthuli, amaphutha kanye nomucu. Ukwakhiwa kwe I-n95 respirator Kubandakanya izingqimba eziningi zemicu ye-polymer engeyona eye-wiven, enikezwa imali ekhokhwayo kagesi. Leli cala lisebenza njengezibuthe, ukuheha ngenkuthalo nokudonsa ngisho ne-tini inhlanganiselaamanga angadlula ku vova impahla.

Lokhu kusebenza kahle vova Amandla okwenza umdlaluvuzi ithuluzi elibucayi ngokumelene nalo umoya womoya izinsongo. Lapho a umonile Ama-inthales, umoya uphoqelekile ukuthi udlule kule web eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Fibers, ushiye ukungcola okulimazayo ngemuva. Idizayini yonke ye I-N95 Ukuhlunga Face PhiecePieche Respirator igxile emgomweni owodwa: Ukuqinisekisa umoya ofinyelela ogqokile Ama-Lungs ahlanzekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kuzinikela ekuhlutjweni okuhlukanisa iqiniso umdlaluvuzi kusuka kwezinye izinhlobo zekhombozo sobuso. Lezi ama-respirators aklanyelwe Ngezindawo eziyinselele lapho umoya uqobo ungaba yingozi, ubenza babaluleke kakhulu Abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo emigqeni yangaphambili. Ukusebenza kwanoma yikuphi umdlaluvuzi ama-hinges emandleni ayo vova umoya ngaphambili inhalation.

Iyiphi indima imaski yokuhlinzwa idlala ekuhlelweni kwezempilo?

Ngenkathi a umdlaluvuzi isihlangu, a isakaza unogada. Indima yayo ku Ukulungiswa Kwezempilo ngokuyisisekelo mayelana nokuvikelwa nokuvikelwa kwesithiyo. Njengesigaba II Idivayisi yezokwelapha, a isakaza kuhloswe ukuvimba ukusakazeka kwabahlinzeki abathathelwanayo kusuka ku- umonile kwabanye. Lapho udokotela ohlinzayo encika isiguli, isakaza Iqinisekisa ukuthi amaconsi abo okuphefumula awangcolisi indawo yokuhlinzwa oyinyumba. Lesi yisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokulawulwa komthombo. " Le khasi imaski kungenzeka Yiba lula, kepha umthelela wawo ekuvikeleni izifo ze-post-perfenative zikhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Imaski yokuhlinza futhi ahlinzeke ngezinga elithile lokuvikelwa kwe umonile ngokumelene nezingozi ezinamandla. Zivame ukukalwa ngokumelana kwabo nokungena ngegazi lokwenziwa kanye nokunye uketshezi lomzimba. Lokhu kubalulekile kubahlengikazi, odokotela, nakwabanye abasebenzi abangahle bavulelwe ama-splashes noma izifufula ngesikhathi senqubo yezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukulinganiselwa. Ngenxa yayo Kulungile, a isakaza Ayibunzi uphawu lokuzungeza uhlangenwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho umonile ama-inhales, umoya ungavuza kalula kusuka ezinhlangothini, udlula vova impahla ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ayinikezi okuthembekile Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula ukusuka izinhlayiya zomoya imiswe emoyeni. Le khasi isakaza a ukulahlwa, ukusetshenziswa okukodwa Into edlala ebalulekile, kepha icacisiwe, iqhaza ekulawulweni kokutheleleka kwezifo.

Ngabe zonke izimbobo zobuso zinjalo? Ukubheka imaski kanye nama-respirators.

Ubhubhane wethule uhlu olubanzi lwe Ukumbozwa kobuso ungene kwi-lexicon yomphakathi, kusuka kumamaski wendwangu eyenziwe ekhaya kuya ku-posiciated ama-respirators. Kubalulekile ukuthi abaqeqeshi bokuthengwa kwezimpahla baqonde lo mphathi wokuvikelwa. Ezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu lilula Ukumbozwa kobuso besithiyo noma imaski yendwangu. Lokhu kuhloselwe ngokuyinhloko isilawuli somthombo kuzilungiselelo zomphakathi futhi unikeze okuncane ukuvikelwa kowesifazane ogqokile. Bangasiza ukunciphisa isifutho samaconsi kusuka ku umonile, kepha amakhono abo okuhlunga futhi afanele ahluka kakhulu futhi awalinganiswa. Indwangu imaski kungenzeka ube ngcono kunalutho, kepha akubhekwanga okokuvikela komuntu okuvikelayo Ngokwesimo sezokwelapha.

Ukunyuka Up Imaski Yenqubo na- Imaski yokuhlinza. Njengoba sixoxile, lezi imaski yezokwelapha balawulwa Amadivayisi wezokwelapha Idizayinelwe ukuvimba amaconsi amakhulu kanye nama-splashes. Ziyi-speple in Izilungiselelo Zokunakekelwa Kwezempilo ngokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakulesi sigaba, kunamazinga ahlukile wokumelana koketshezi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho Imaski akuyona i-volirator. Igama "umdlaluvuzi"igcinelwe amadivayisi aqinisekiswe yi UNiosh (noma umzimba olinganayo wamazwe) owenzelwe vova izinhlayiya zomoya futhi wakhe a bopha uphawu ebusweni. Lesi sigaba sifaka Ukuhlunga kwe-N95 ukuhlunga ukuphefumula kwe-Face PhiecePieche (FFRS), kanye nemishini enamandla kakhudlwana efana ne-elastomeric half-mask kanye nobuso obugcwele ama-respirators. Le khasi Izinga lokuvikelwa enikezwe yi umdlaluvuzi isesigabeni esihluke ngokuphelele kusuka kulokho okwejwayelekile imaski yobuso.

Kungani ukuvunyelwa kwe-ninoosh kubaluleke kakhulu ku-N95 Respirator?

Kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano e-United States ethintekayo ukuphepha emsebenzini kanye nempilo, izinhlamvu UNiosh zibaluleke kakhulu uma kuziwa Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula. UNiosh, the I-National Institute yokuphepha emsebenzini, yi-U.S. Inhlangano yeFederal ebhekele ukuqhuba ucwaningo nokwenza izincomo zokuvimbela ukulimala okuhlobene nomsebenzi nokugula. Ingxenye ebalulekile yegunya layo ukuhlolwa nokuqinisekiswa kwe ama-respirators. Lapho a umdlaluvuzi liyamukela UNiosh Ukuvunywa, kusho ukuthi kudlule isethi eqinile yokuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kwe-Filtration, ukuphefumula kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi. Lokhu akuyona nje ukusikisela; ngezindawo zokusebenza ezilawulwa ngu Osha (Ukuphepha kokuphepha emsebenzini kanye nezempilo), usebenzisa a Isimo sokuphefumula esivunyiwe kuyinto engokomthetho lapho ukuvikeleka okunjalo kuyadingeka.

Lesi sitifiketi siyisiqinisekiso sakho sokuthi I-n95 respirator izokwenza njengoba ikhangisiwe. Iqinisekisa i- vova abezindaba ku imaski yokuphefumula ingabamba okungenani ama-95% we izinhlayiya zomoya, kufaka phakathi lezo ezincane kakhulu okufanele zibone. Njengomenzi othunyelwa e-USA, ngiyazi ukuthi ukuhlangana kwalezi zindinganiso kungaxoxiswana. Kubandakanya ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile emigqeni yethu yokukhiqiza kanye nemibhalo esobala. Ngemenenja yokuthengwa kwempahla efana noMark, ukubona UNiosh Inombolo yokuvunywa ephrintiwe ku umdlaluvuzi ngokwalo kuwuphawu lobuqiniso nokwethembeka. Ihlukanisa ucezu olusemthethweni lwe okokusebenza emsebenzini kusuka ekulweni nemikhuba eminingi ekhukhula imakethe ngesikhathi I-COVID 19 Inhlekelele. Le khasi Ukusetshenziswa kwama-respirators lokho Ivunyelwe kuyingxenye ebucayi yendawo yokusebenza ephephile.

Ngabe imaski yokuhlinzwa ingahle ihluphe amagciwane afana ne-covid-19?

Lokhu kungenye yemibuzo evame kakhulu, futhi impendulo idinga ubuhlakani. A isakaza awenzelwe ukuvikela ekuhlolweni I-Aerosol-Izinhlayiya zegciwane ezisetshenzisiwe. Le khasi I-Sars-Cov-2 Virus, okubangela I-COVID 19, ingadluliselwa kuwo womabili amaconsi amakhulu okuphefumula futhi amancane umoya womoya izinhlayiya, noma ama-aerosols. A isakaza iyasebenza ekuvinjelwe amaconsi amakhulu axoshwe lapho othile ekhwehlela noma egcona. Ngokuvimbela lezi kusuka ekufinyeleleni kwakho umlomo nekhala, kunganciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka. Ngale ndlela, ihlinzeka ngesithiyo esingokomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, lapho igciwane ikhona incane I-Aerosol izinhlayiya ezingahlala Kumiswe emoyeni isikhathi eseluliwe, a isakaza iwela amafushane. -Kuthile Kulungile Ivumela lezi zinhlayiya ukuba zifakwe ngaphansi kwezikhala ezinhlangothini. Yilapho a umdlaluvuzi ibalulekile. A I-n95 respirator yenzelwe ngqo vova ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlayiya ezincane futhi, lapho zigqokwa kahle nge bopha uphawu, kunciphisa kakhulu i ogqokile Ukuchayeka ezinkineni ezinomoya. Le khasi Izikhungo zokulawulwa kwezifo kanye nokuvimbela izifo (CDC) incoma N95s noma okulinganayo ama-respirators ingomane Abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo Ezimweni ezinengozi enkulu ye I-Aerosol ukudluliswa. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kungenzeka gqoka imaskhi Ukuvikelwa okujwayelekile, a umdlaluvuzi ukukhetha okufanele kokuvikelwa umoya womoya izinsongo zegciwane.

Yini umehluko obalulekile ku-Fit and Seal phakathi kwama-N95 Respirators kanye nama-masks okuhlinza?

Ukusebenza kwe umdlaluvuzi kuncike ngokuphelele ekufanelekelweni kwayo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo se umdlaluvuzi ukuphoqa wonke umoya ovuthayo ngawo vova abezindaba. Ukufeza lokhu, a I-n95 respirator kumele wakhe a bopha uphawu ngokumelene ne Ubuso be-Wear. Lolu vivity luvimbela noma yimuphi umoya ongcolile usuka ekuvukeni uzungeze imiphetho ye uhlangenwe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kufanelekile, Osha idinga abasebenzisi be Ama-respitators afanelekile ukubhekana nonyaka Ukuhlolwa okulungile inqubo. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza okuthile, imodeli, nosayizi we umdlaluvuzi ngumdlalo wobuso bomuntu.

Lokhu yingakho izici ezifana izinwele zobuso kuyinto ekhathazayo enkulu lapho egqoke ama-respirators. Intshebe noma i-strubble esindayo ingayekisa uphawu lophawu, ukunikela umdlaluvuzi ayisebenzi. Ngokuphambene ne-trast, a isakaza yakhelwe ukuba kungafaneleki. Umane nje ugqoke phezu kwe ekhaleni lomgqomo futhi ibanjelwa ngokulandelana kwezindlebe noma izibopho. Akukho ukulindela uphawu. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenza kube ntofontofo ngokwengeziwe ekugqokeni okunwetshiwe, kusho futhi kusho ukuthi kunezikhala ezibalulekile lapho umoya ongafanele ungadlula kalula phakathi nobabili inhalation na- ukukhipha umthetho. Lokhu okusisekelo umehluko phakathi kwamaski okuhlinza na- ama-respirators Ukuthi banjani nisambeza nxazonke ubuso buyincazelo eyinhloko ye Izinga lokuvikelwa banikela nge umonile. Ngeke ukwazi ukwazi ukufeza uphawu oluvikelayo olunendinganiso isakaza.

Ngabe abasebenzi bezempilo kufanele basebenzise nini i-respirator ukuqhathanisa imaskhi yokuhlinzwa?

Ukukhetha phakathi imaski kanye nokuphefumula endaweni yomtholampilo kuchazwe ukuhlolwa kobungozi. Abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo kufanele isebenzise i I-n95 respirator noma izinga eliphakeme umdlaluvuzi (Njengo-Elastomeric noma unikeze amandla okuhlanza umoya ama-respirators, noma ama-paprs) lapho esengozini enkulu yokuchayeka I-Aerosol-Izifo ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kufaka ukunakekela iziguli ezikwaziwayo noma ezisolwayo Izifo Zokuphefumula Ezihlangene Njengesifo sofuba noma isimungumungwane, kanye nezinqubo ezikhiqiza i-aerosol ezinjengokuqonda, i-bronchoscopy, noma umsebenzi wamazinyo. Kulezi zimo, inhloso ukuhlinzeka kakhulu okungenzeka Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula Okomnakekeli. Ukuphefumula kunikezwa ukuzivikela okubucayi lapho kanye nomoya egumbini kungaba -ngcolisayo.

A isakaza, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanelekile ukuba yinqwaba yemisebenzi yokunakekela isiguli ejwayelekile. Lapho ubungozi obuqala buvela kumaconsi, ama-splashes, noma izifufula, a isakaza ihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okwanele kwe-barriers. Isibonelo, umuthi wokuphatha umhlengikazi, udokotela oqhuba ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile, noma abasebenzi abasebenza egumbini lokusebenza bebejwayelekile gqoka imaskhi. Imaski futhi dlala indima ebalulekile kuyo isilawuli somthombo, futhi isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zezempilo Ukuvimbela iziguli ezikhwehlela ekusakazeni amagciwane. Isinqumo lapho Uhlobo lwe-respirator noma isivivu Ukusebenzisa kuyinto eyisisekelo ebalulekile yephrothokholi yokulawula ukutheleleka futhi Ezempilo Nokuphepha kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sezokwelapha.

Njengomphathi wempahla, yini okufanele ngiyibheke lapho ngithola ukuphefumula kanye nemidlalo yokuhlinza?

Njengomenzi osebenzelana ngqo nabachwepheshe bokuthengwa kwempahla, ngiyaqonda amaphuzu akho ezinhlungu: Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ukuhambisana nokulawula, kanye nokuphamba okuthembekile. Lapho ngithola khona ama-respirators kanye namaski okuhlinza, ukukhuthala kwakho okufanele kukhiye. Ye I-n95 respirator, into yokuqala okufanele uyiqinisekise yiyo UNiosh ukuvunywa. Ungahlola inombolo yokuvunyelwa ohlwini lwe-CDC oluqinisekisiwe lwe-CDC. Gxila ekuboneni imibhalo evela kumphakeli wakho. Ungesabi ukucela amarekhodi we-batch traceability. Umkhiqizi odumile ngeke abe nanzima ukukunikeza lokhu. Ukwakheka kwe umdlaluvuzi, kufaka phakathi imichilo kanye nesiqeshana sekhala, kufanele zizizwe ziqinile.

Ingomane Imaski yokuhlinza, Izidingo zihlukile kepha zibaluleke kakhulu. E-US, balawulwa yi-FDA. Kufanele ubheke imaskhi ehlangabezana namazinga we-ASTM International ngezinto ezinjenge-fluid yokumelana, ukusebenza kahle kwe-filltration (kwamagciwane nezinhlayiya), nokuphefumula. Isibonelo, izinga le-ASTM 3 Imaski yobuso bezokwelapha ihlinzeka ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvikelwa kwesithiyo se-fluid. Siphinde sikhiqize amanye amazwe ahlukahlukene, futhi izimiso zekhwalithi zihlala zinjalo. Ukuthi uyathenga Amashubhu we-PVC NASAL OXYGEN CANCULA noma amashidi ombhede wezokwelapha, ngaso sonke isikhathi funa imibhalo ecacile kanye nezitifiketi. Umhlinzeki osobala futhi oxhumana naye ungumlingani wakho omuhle kakhulu ekutholeni ubunzima bokuthengwa kwembulunga yonke.

Ikusasa liphetheni ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula kanye nokumbozwa kobuso?

Le khasi I-COVID 19 Ubhubhane washintsha unomphela isimo se Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula. Isheshise okusha futhi iveze ubuthakathaka obubucayi emaketangeni okunikezwa komhlaba. Ngibheke phambili, singalindela ukubona ukuqhubeka kokuthuthuka ngaphakathi umdlaluvuzi ubuchwepheshe. Umkhakha ugxile ekudaleni ama-respirators Lokho akuphumelelanga kakhudlwana kepha futhi kukhululekile kakhudlwana futhi kubuye kube ngcono. Sibona intuthuko ngezinto zokwakha ukuphefumula ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza kahle kwe vova, kanye nemiklamo yasobala Ukuphefumula kwe-Face PeacePieche Lokho kuvumela ukuxhumana okungcono, inselelo ebalulekile ngesikhathi sobhubhane. Umgomo ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwe-rescurirator kancane kancane umthwalo, ukukhuthaza ukuhambisana okungcono phakathi Abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ngokombono wethempeli lokuhlinzekwa, kukhona ukushintshwa komhlaba wonke ekuhlukaniseni nasekunqumeni. Amazwe amaningi nezinhlelo zezempilo zisuka ekuncikelweni komthombo owodwa futhi zakha amasheya amasu we okokuvikela komuntu okuvikelayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzoba khona okuqhubekayo, okuguqukayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu Ama-respirators we-N95, Imaski yokuhlinza, nezinye izinto. Kwabakhiqizi bafana nathi, kusho ukulondoloza amazinga aphezulu kakhulu wekhwalithi nokuba ngumlingani onokwethenjelwa kohulumeni nabasabalalisi bezempilo emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuqwashisa ngomehluko phakathi kwe Isimo sokuphefumula kanye nesks manje sekusakazeke kakhulu, okuholela ekukhetheni okufundile okwengeziwe okokuvikela komuntu okuvikelayo Kokubili izilungiselelo zomsebenzi kanye nasesidlangalaleni, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ze Ikhwalithi yomoya empofu noma ukuqubuka kwezifo.

Ukubekezelela okusemqoka ukukhumbula

• Injongo Eyisisekelo: A umdlaluvuzi (I-N95) yakhelwe Vikela ogqokile kusuka ekuhlolweni okuncane izinhlayiya zomoya. A isakaza yakhelwe ukuvikela abanye kusuka ku- ogqokile amaconsi amakhulu wokuphefumula.
• Kufanelekile futhi uphawu: A umdlaluvuzi Dinga a bopha uphawu ebusweni ukuze uphumelele futhi kufanele uhlolwe kahle. A isakaza kuyinto efanelekile futhi inezikhala.
• I-FILTRATION: A I-n95 respirator isebenza kahle vova Kokuncane I-Aerosol izinhlayiyana. A isakaza ngokuyinhloko umgoqo omelana noketshezi, hhayi umoya ophumelelayo vova.
• Umthethonqubo: Ku-U.S. ama-respirators Ukusetshenziswa emsebenzini kumele kube Ivunyelwe. Imaski yokuhlinza asulwa yi-FDA njengoba Amadivayisi wezokwelapha.
• Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele: Ukukhetha phakathi kwe umdlaluvuzi kanye a isakaza kuya ngesivivinyo sobungozi sengozi ethile, kungaba yi- umoya womoya usongo noma ubungozi be-splashes kanye nama-splay.
• Ukuhlanza: Lapho uthenga lezi zinto, qinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kabusha (UNiosh, I-FDA, ASTM) kanye nomlingani onothando, abakhiqizi abanokwethenjelwa abangahlinzeka ngemibhalo futhi baqinisekise ikhwalithi.