Masks Versus Respirators: Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa N95s Ndi Zovala Pamaso Opangira Opaleshoni - ZhongXing

M'dziko lazachipatala, mawu ngati "chigoba kumaso" ndi "chopumira" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana pokambirana wamba. Komabe, kwa katswiri wogula zinthu ngati Mark Thompson, woyang'anira chipatala, kapena woyang'anira chipatala, kusiyanitsa sikuli kokha semantic-ndichofunikira kwambiri pakuonetsetsa chitetezo, kutsata, ndi chitetezo chogwira ntchito. Monga wopanga zinthu zotayidwa zachipatala zokhala ndi mizere isanu ndi iwiri yopanga ku China, ine, Allen, ndadziwonera ndekha chisokonezo ndi zotsatira za kusankha mankhwala olakwika. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zidazi, kufotokoza chifukwa chake a chopumira ayi a chigoba opaleshoni, ndi mosemphanitsa. Kumvetsetsa kusiyanitsa kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti mupeze zida zoyenera, kuteteza ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo ndi odwala, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malo anu ali okonzekera zilizonse.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa makina opumira ndi mask opangira opaleshoni?

Kusiyanitsa kofunikira kwambiri pakati pa a chopumira ndi a chigoba opaleshoni zagona pa cholinga chawo chachikulu. Ndi lingaliro losavuta koma lofunika: lina lidapangidwa kuti likutetezeni, ndipo linalo lidapangidwa kuti liteteze anthu ndi chilengedwe chakuzungulirani. A chopumira, monga Chopumira cha n95, ndi chidutswa cha Zida zodzitetezera (PPE) opangidwa makamaka kuti kuteteza mwiniwake pokoka mpweya woopsa particles airborne. Ganizirani izi ngati chishango cha njira imodzi yamapapo anu. Ntchito yake ndi ku fyuluta mpweya inu mpweya. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kupuma ndi mwala wapangodya wa chitetezo cha ntchito m'malo okhala ndi zoopsa zoyendetsedwa ndi ndege.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, a chigoba opaleshoni adapangidwa makamaka kuti aziwongolera magwero. ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kutsekereza lalikulu-tinthu m'malovu ndi opopera kuti amachotsedwa pamene wovala kulankhula, kutsokomola, kapena kuyetsemula. Zimakhala ngati chotchinga kuteteza wa wonyamula zotuluka m'mapumidwe zomwe zingayipitse wodwala kapena kumunda wosabala. Pamene a opaleshoni chigoba akhoza kupereka wovala chitetezo china ku splashes, si ntchito yake yaikulu. Ili ndiye fungulo kusiyana pakati pa masks a fumbi, zofunda za nsalu zosavuta, komanso zachipatala zenizeni opumira ndi masks opaleshoni. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana uku ndi sitepe yoyamba yopangira zisankho zogulira mwanzeru kwa aliyense chisamaliro chaumoyo.

Kodi chopumira cha N95 chimapangidwa bwanji kuti chiteteze kupuma?

The Chopumira cha n95 ndi sayansi yodabwitsa, yopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri kuti ipereke zinthu zapamwamba chitetezo cha kupuma. Dzina la "N95" ndi satifiketi yochokera NDIOSH, ndipo imakuwuzani zinthu ziwiri: "N" ikutanthauza kuti siimalimbana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamafuta, ndipo "95" ikutanthauza kuti yayesedwa fyuluta osachepera 95% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono (0.3 micron) toyesa. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri timaganizira za mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya, izi zimaphatikizapo fumbi, nkhungu, ndi utsi. Kupanga kwa a Chopumira cha n95 imaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo za ulusi wosalukidwa wa polima, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi electrostatic charge. Mlanduwu umakhala ngati maginito, kukopa mwachangu ndikukola ngakhale zazing'ono kwambiri chidutswas omwe mwina angadutse mu fyuluta zakuthupi.

Izi mkulu-mwachangu fyuluta luso ndi chimene chimapangitsa chopumira chida chotsutsa zandege ziwopsezo. Pamene a wovala pokoka mpweya, mpweya umakakamizika kudutsa ulusi wovutawu wa ulusi, ndikusiya zowononga zowononga. Mapangidwe onse a N95 kusefa facepiece respirator imayang'ana pa cholinga chimodzi: kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya ufika pa wa wonyamula mapapo ndi oyera momwe angathere. Kudzipereka uku ndikusefera komwe kumalekanitsa chowonadi chopumira kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya zophimba kumaso. Izi opumira amapangidwa kwa malo ovuta omwe mpweya wokha ukhoza kukhala wowopsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwambiri ogwira ntchito zachipatala pamzere wakutsogolo. Mphamvu iliyonse chopumira zimatengera luso lake fyuluta mpweya kale pokoka mpweya.

Kodi chigoba cha opaleshoni chimagwira ntchito yanji pazachipatala?

Pamene a chopumira ndi chishango, a chigoba opaleshoni ndi mlonda. Udindo wake mu a chisamaliro chaumoyo kwenikweni ndi za chitetezo ndi zotchinga. Monga Class II chipangizo chachipatala,a chigoba opaleshoni cholinga chake ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda wovala kwa ena. Dokotala akamatsamira wodwala, wodwalayo chigoba opaleshoni amaonetsetsa kuti madontho awo opumira samayipitsa malo opangira opaleshoni. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba cha "source control." The mask akhoza zikhale zosavuta, koma zotsatira zake popewa matenda obwera pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndi zazikulu.

Komanso, masks opaleshoni akhozanso kupereka digiri ya chitetezo kwa wovala motsutsana ndi zoopsa zamadzimadzi. Nthawi zambiri amavotera kukana kwawo kulowa ndi magazi opangidwa ndi zina madzi amthupi. Izi ndizofunikira kwa anamwino, madotolo, ndi ogwira ntchito ena omwe atha kukumana ndi zopopera kapena zopopera panthawi yachipatala. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira zoperewera. Chifukwa chake kumasuka,a chigoba opaleshoni sichimapanga chisindikizo kuzungulira nkhope. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene a wovala pokoka mpweya, mpweya ukhoza kutayikira mosavuta kuchokera m'mbali, ndikudutsa fyuluta zinthu kwathunthu. Choncho, sikupereka odalirika chitetezo cha kupuma kuchokera particles airborne kuyimitsidwa mlengalenga. The chigoba opaleshoni ndi a zotayidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito yofunikira, koma yeniyeni, pakuwongolera matenda.

Kodi zophimba kumaso zonse ndi zofanana? Kuyang'ana masks ndi zopumira.

Mliriwu unayambitsa mitundu yambiri zophimba kumaso kulowa mu lexicon ya anthu onse, kuyambira masks ansalu opangidwa kunyumba mpaka apamwamba zopumira. Ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri ogula zinthu amvetsetse zachitetezo ichi. Pazigawo zofunika kwambiri ndizosavuta zotchinga kumaso zotchinga kapena masks a nsalu. Izi zimapangidwira makamaka gwero ulamuliro m'malo ammudzi ndikupereka zochepa chitetezo kwa ovala. Iwo angathandize kuchepetsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'malovu ku wovala, koma mphamvu zawo zosefera ndi kukwanira kwake ndizosintha kwambiri ndipo sizokhazikika. Nsalu mask akhoza kukhala bwino kuposa kanthu, koma sikuganiziridwa zida zodzitetezera m'nkhani yachipatala.

Kukwera ndi ndondomeko masks ndi masks opaleshoni. Monga tafotokozera, izi masks azachipatala zimayendetsedwa zida zamankhwala opangidwa kuti atseke madontho akulu ndi ma splashes. Iwo ndi zofunika mu makonda azaumoyo ntchito wamba. Komabe, ngakhale mkati mwa gululi, pali milingo yosiyanasiyana yamadzimadzi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti masks si opumira. Teremuyo "chopumira" yasungidwa ku zida zotsimikiziridwa ndi NDIOSH (kapena bungwe lofanana ndi mayiko ena) lomwe lapangidwa kuti fyuluta particles airborne ndi fomu a chosindikizira cholimba kunkhope. Gulu ili likuphatikizapo N95 kusefa facepiece respirators (FFRs), komanso zida zolimba ngati elastomeric theka-mask ndi nkhope yonse zopumira. The mlingo wa chitetezo zoperekedwa ndi a chopumira ali mu kalasi yosiyana kotheratu ndi ya muyezo nkhope mask.

Chifukwa chiyani kuvomerezedwa kwa NIOSH kuli kofunikira kwambiri kwa chopumira cha N95?

Kwa bungwe lililonse ku United States lokhudzidwa ndi chitetezo ndi thanzi la ntchito, makalata NDIOSH ndizofunika kwambiri zikafika chitetezo cha kupuma. NDIOSH, ndi National Institute for Occupational Safety, ndi bungwe la federal la United States lomwe limayang'anira kufufuza ndi kupanga malingaliro oletsa kuvulala ndi matenda okhudzana ndi ntchito. Gawo lalikulu la ntchito yake ndikuyesa ndi kutsimikizira zopumira. Pamene a chopumira amalandira NDIOSH kuvomerezedwa, zikutanthauza kuti yadutsa mayeso okhwima a kusefera bwino, kupuma bwino, komanso kutsimikizika kwamtundu. Izi siziri malingaliro chabe; kwa malo ogwirira ntchito oyendetsedwa ndi OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), pogwiritsa ntchito a Mpweya wovomerezeka wa NIOSH ndi lamulo lalamulo pamene chitetezo choterocho chiri chofunikira.

Chitsimikizo ichi ndi chitsimikizo chanu kuti Chopumira cha n95 idzachita monga momwe yalengezera. Zimatsimikizira za fyuluta media mu chigoba chopumira akhoza kujambula osachepera 95% ya particles airborne, kuphatikizapo ang’onoang’ono kwambiri moti sangawaone. Monga wopanga yemwe amatumiza kunja ku USA, ndikudziwa kuti kukwaniritsa izi sikungakambirane. Zimakhudzanso kuwongolera kokhazikika pamizere yathu yopanga ndi zolemba zowonekera. Kwa woyang'anira zogula ngati Mark, akuwona NDIOSH nambala yovomerezeka yosindikizidwa pa chopumira palokha ndi chizindikiro cha kudalirika ndi kudalirika. Imalekanitsa chidutswa chovomerezeka cha zipangizo kuntchito kuchokera kuzinthu zabodza zambiri zomwe zidasefukira pamsika panthawi ya COVID 19 zovuta. The kugwiritsa ntchito kupuma zimenezo NIOSH-yovomerezeka ndi gawo lofunikira la malo otetezeka ogwira ntchito.

Kodi chigoba cha opaleshoni chingachotse ma virus ngati COVID-19?

Ili ndi limodzi mwamafunso ambiri, ndipo yankho limafuna nuance. A chigoba opaleshoni sichinapangidwe kuti chiteteze ku kupuma aerosol-kakulidwe tizilombo particles. The Kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2, zomwe zimayambitsa COVID 19, imatha kufalikira kudzera m'malovu akulu akulu komanso ang'onoang'ono zandege particles, kapena aerosols. A chigoba opaleshoni imathandiza kutsekereza madontho akulu akulu omwe amatuluka wina akakhosomola kapena kuyetsemula. Poletsa izi kufika kwanu pakamwa ndi mphuno, kungachepetse chiopsezo chotenga matenda. Mwanjira iyi, imapereka chotchinga chakuthupi.

Komabe, pamene a kachilombo alipo m'zing'ono aerosol tinthu tating'onoting'ono totsalira kuyimitsidwa mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, a chigoba opaleshoni yafupika. Zake kumasuka amalola kuti tinthu ting'onoting'ono tokoka mpweya kudzera m'mipata m'mbali. Apa ndi pamene a chopumira zimakhala zofunikira. An Chopumira cha n95 idapangidwa makamaka kuti fyuluta kutulutsa tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndipo, tikavala bwino ndi a chosindikizira cholimba, imachepetsa kwambiri wa wonyamula kukhudzana ndi tinthu tandege. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) amalimbikitsa N95s kapena zofanana zopumira za ogwira ntchito zachipatala muzochitika zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha aerosol kufala. Kotero, pamene inu mukhoza kuvala chigoba chitetezo chambiri, a chopumira ndiye chisankho choyenera chachitetezo zandege kuwopseza ma virus.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zoyenera ndi kusindikiza pakati pa zopumira za N95 ndi masks opangira opaleshoni?

Kuchita bwino kwa a chopumira zimatengera kukwanira kwake. Mfundo yaikulu ya a chopumira ndiko kukakamiza mpweya wonse wokometsedwa kudzera mu izo fyuluta media. Kuti akwaniritse izi, a Chopumira cha n95 ayenera kupanga a chosindikizira cholimba motsutsana ndi nkhope ya wovala. Chisindikizochi chimalepheretsa mpweya uliwonse woipitsidwa kuti usadutse m'mphepete mwa nkhope. Kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino, OSHA amafuna ogwiritsa ntchito zothina zopumira kuchita chaka kuyesa koyenera ndondomeko. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti kupanga, chitsanzo, ndi kukula kwake chopumira ndizofanana ndi nkhope ya munthu.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chake zinthu ngati tsitsi lakumaso ndi nkhawa kwambiri pamene kuvala zopumira. Ndevu kapena chiputu cholemera chikhoza kusokoneza chisindikizocho, kumasulira chopumira osathandiza. Mosiyana kwambiri, a chigoba opaleshoni lapangidwa kuti likhale lotayirira. Zimangodutsa pamwamba pa mphuno ndi pakamwa pake ndipo imagwiridwa ndi malupu m'makutu kapena zomangira. Palibe chiyembekezo cha chisindikizo. Ngakhale izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomasuka kuvala nthawi yayitali, zimatanthauzanso kuti pali mipata yayikulu pomwe mpweya wosasefedwa ungadutse mosavuta nthawi zonse ziwiri. pokoka mpweya ndi mpweya. Izi ndizofunikira kusiyana pakati pa masks opangira opaleshoni ndi zopumira momwe iwo kusindikiza mozungulira nkhope ndi chizindikiro choyambirira cha mlingo wa chitetezo amapereka wovala. Simungathe wokhoza kukwaniritsa chisindikizo choteteza chokhala ndi muyezo chigoba opaleshoni.

Kodi ndi liti pamene ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chopumira ndi chigoba cha opaleshoni?

Kusankha pakati masks ndi kupuma m'malo azachipatala amalamulidwa ndi kuwunika kowopsa. Ogwira ntchito zachipatala ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito Chopumira cha n95 kapena mlingo wapamwamba chopumira (monga elastomeric kapena magetsi oyeretsa mpweya zopumira, kapena PAPRs) pamene ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhudzidwa aerosol- matenda opatsirana. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusamalira odwala omwe amadziwika kapena akuwakayikira kupuma matenda opatsirana monga chifuwa chachikulu kapena chikuku, komanso panthawi yopangira aerosol monga intubation, bronchoscopy, kapena ntchito ya mano. Pazifukwa izi, cholinga ndi kupereka pazipita zotheka chitetezo cha kupuma kwa wosamalira. Zopumira zimapereka chitetezo chovuta pamene mpweya m'chipindamo ukhoza kukhala a choipitsa.

A chigoba opaleshoni, kumbali ina, ndi yoyenera kwa ntchito zambiri zachizoloŵezi zosamalira odwala. Ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chimachokera ku madontho, splashes, kapena kupopera, a chigoba opaleshoni amapereka chitetezo chokwanira chotchinga. Mwachitsanzo, namwino yemwe amapereka mankhwala, dokotala yemwe amayesa mayeso, kapena ogwira ntchito m'chipinda chopangira opaleshoni amatha. kuvala chigoba. Masks nawonso sewerani gawo lalikulu mu gwero ulamuliro,ndi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo azachipatala kuteteza odwala omwe akutsokomola kuti asafalitse majeremusi. Chisankho chomwe mtundu wa kupuma kapena chigoba kugwiritsa ntchito ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera matenda ndi thanzi ndi chitetezo m'chipatala chilichonse.

Monga woyang'anira zogulira zinthu, ndiyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ndikapeza zopumira ndi masks opangira opaleshoni?

Monga wopanga yemwe amachita mwachindunji ndi akatswiri ogula zinthu, ndimamvetsetsa zowawa zanu: kutsimikizika kwamtundu, kutsata malamulo, ndi zodalirika zogulira. Pofufuza opumira ndi masks opaleshoni, kusamala kwanu ndikofunikira. Za a Chopumira cha n95, chinthu choyamba kutsimikizira ndi chake NDIOSH kuvomereza. Mutha kuyang'ana nambala yovomerezeka pa CDC's Certified Equipment List. Limbikitsani kuwona zolembedwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa anu. Musaope kufunsa zolemba za batch traceability. Wopanga wodalirika sadzakhala ndi vuto popereka izi. Mapangidwe a chopumira, kuphatikizapo zomangira ndi mphuno, ziyenera kumva zolimba.

Za masks opaleshoni, zofunika ndi zosiyana koma zofunikanso chimodzimodzi. Ku US, amayendetsedwa ndi FDA. Muyenera kuyang'ana masks omwe amakwaniritsa miyezo ya ASTM International pazinthu monga kukana madzimadzi, kusefa bwino (kwa mabakiteriya ndi tinthu tating'ono), komanso kupuma. Mwachitsanzo, ASTM Level 3 Chigoba cha nkhope yopangira opaleshoni amapereka mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa chitetezo chotchinga madzimadzi. Timapanganso zinthu zina zambiri zofunika kuzitaya, ndipo mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino zimakhalabe zofanana. Kaya mukugula Machubu otayika a PVC a nasal oxygen cannula kapena mapepala achipatala, nthawi zonse amafuna zolemba zomveka bwino ndi ziphaso. Wothandizira wowonekera komanso wolankhulana ndi mnzanu wabwino kwambiri pofufuza zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi tsogolo la chitetezo cha kupuma ndi zophimba kumaso ndi zotani?

The COVID 19 mliri unasinthiratu malo a chitetezo cha kupuma. Idachulukitsa luso lazopangapanga ndikuwulula zofooka zazikulu pamaketani apadziko lonse lapansi. Tikuyembekezera, titha kuyembekezera kuwona kupitilira patsogolo chopumira luso. Makampaniwa amayang'ana pakupanga zopumira zomwe sizothandiza kokha komanso zomasuka komanso zogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Tikuwona kupita patsogolo kwazinthu zomwe zimathandizira kupuma bwino popanda kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito bwino fyuluta, komanso mapangidwe owonekera zopumira nkhope zomwe zimalola kulumikizana bwino, vuto lalikulu panthawi ya mliri. Cholinga ndi kupanga kugwiritsa ntchito kupuma zosalemetsa, kulimbikitsa kutsata bwino pakati ogwira ntchito zachipatala.

Kuchokera pamawonedwe azinthu zogulitsira, pali kusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi kumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kulimba mtima. Maiko ambiri ndi machitidwe azaumoyo akuchoka pa kudalira gwero limodzi ndipo akupanga nkhokwe zaukadaulo. zida zodzitetezera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti padzakhala kufunikira kopitilira, kosasunthika kwapamwamba kwambiri N95 zopumira, masks opaleshoni, ndi zina zotayidwa. Kwa opanga ngati ife, zikutanthawuza kusunga miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya khalidwe ndikukhala bwenzi lodalirika la maboma ndi ogawa zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. Kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa a kupuma ndi chigoba opaleshoni tsopano yafalikira kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa zisankho zophunzira zambiri za zida zodzitetezera m'malo antchito komanso pagulu, makamaka munthawi ya mpweya woipa kapena kufalikira kwa matenda.

Zofunika Kukumbukira

• Cholinga Choyambirira: A chopumira (N95) idapangidwa kuti kuteteza mwiniwake kuyambira pokoka pang'ono particles airborne. A chigoba opaleshoni idapangidwa kuti iteteze ena ku wa wonyamula madontho akulu a kupuma.
• Zokwanira ndi Kusindikiza: A chopumira amafuna a chosindikizira cholimba kumaso kuti ikhale yogwira mtima ndipo iyenera kuyesedwa moyenera. A chigoba opaleshoni ndi omasuka komanso ali ndi mipata.
• Sefa: An Chopumira cha n95 ali ndi luso lapamwamba fyuluta kwa ang'ono aerosol particles. A chigoba opaleshoni kwenikweni ndi chotchinga madzimadzi, osati mpweya wabwino fyuluta.
• Malamulo: Ku U.S., zopumira kwa ntchito ayenera kukhala NIOSH-yovomerezeka. Masks opangira opaleshoni amachotsedwa ndi FDA ngati zida zamankhwala.
• Kugwiritsa Ntchito Moyenera: Kusankha pakati pa a chopumira ndi a chigoba opaleshoni zimatengera kuwunika kwachiwopsezo cha ngozi inayake, kaya ndi zandege kuwopseza kapena chiopsezo cha splash ndi kupopera.
• Kupeza: Mukamagula zinthu izi, nthawi zonse muzitsimikizira ziphaso (NDIOSH, FDA, ASTM) ndikuthandizana ndi opanga owonekera, odalirika omwe angapereke zolemba ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ali abwino.